Fish eyeballs survival1/2/2024 ![]() ![]() Small-chain fatty acids (<14☌) are transported directly to the liver to be oxidized. These products pass through the mucosal wall of the small intestine, reform into triglycerides, and are transported to tissues by chylomicrons in the blood ( Budge et al., 2006). During digestion, ingested lipids containing fatty acid chains of more than 14 carbons are hydrolyzed to yield free fatty acids, monoacylglycerols, and – in the case of phospholipids (PL) – lysophospholipids. (2000), who showed that total lipid energy is a predictor of reproductive potential in fish stocks. A good indication of the energetic importance of lipids for fish was demonstrated by Yaragina et al. Lipid energy is transferred from phytoplankton to fish via zooplankton. This review was done to aid future research aiming to develop nutritionally balanced microdiets or live-prey enrichment diets to satisfy the physiological requirements of captive tropical and cold-water marine fish species. In Florida pompano, these requirements could be met until larger juvenile stages, with 15% DHA, 3% EPA, 2% ARA, 2% DPA, and total PUFA below 30% of total FA. From the beginning of settlement and in young juveniles, qualitative values of 12% DHA, 10% EPA, 5% ARA, and 40% PUFA of total FA seem to be required for winter flounder juvenile development. The physiological needs in EFA for juvenile development seemed to be better met for both species when they were fed micro pellets. There were higher deficiencies in the cold-water species fed enriched rotifers, as demonstrated by the higher selective retentions of all EFA (DHA, EPA, and ARA), with the exception of larvae fed with copepods. Enriched rotifer diets provided satisfactory amounts of omega 3 and omega 6 in Florida pompano, with small selective retention for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and arachidonic acid (ARA), suggesting a potential minor diet deficiency in these EFA. However, the qualitative EFA requirements of the cold-water species at all early developmental stages were higher than those of the warm-water species. Overall, we found that young larvae from both cold- and warm-water species have greater demands for n-3 and n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) than do larvae at weaning stages. This ratio indicates whether a specific FA from prey is selectively incorporated by larvae and juveniles. To identify the qualitative optimal EFA requirements, we calculated the ratio of certain fatty acids (FA) in larval or early juvenile tissues to total FA present in the diet. This review paper will focus on currently published research and the main results from our laboratories regarding optimum qualitative EFA requirements during larval and early juvenile stages in a warm-water marine species, the Florida pompano ( Trachinotus carolinus), and a cold-water marine species, the winter flounder ( Pseudopleuronectes americanus). The physiological needs are likely to be different among species, particularly among those using different thermal habitats, because lipids are largely used to maintain cell membrane integrity (homeoviscous adaptation) in fishes. To improve survival at early developmental stages (larvae and juveniles) of captive fish species, essential nutrients need to be identified. 2Institut des Sciences de la Mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC, Canada. ![]() 1Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL, United States.Sahar Chauffour Mejri 1, Réjean Tremblay 2 *, Céline Audet 2, Paul S. ![]()
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